In the following years, the U.S. did not enforce the treaty terms, and the lands inhabited by the Iroquois Confederacy continued to shrink. After negotiations with a White House aide failed, the demonstrators unfurled a banner that read NATIVE AMERICAN EMBASSY. The occupation had begun. Kevin Gover, director of the National Museum of the American Indian, stands inside the "Nation to Nation" exhibit. The Oregon Donation Land Act was passed in 1850, offering 320-acre parcels to thousands of white immigrants. And if it's not silver, it's copper. "And if it's not gold, it's silver. The president never proclaimed the treaty, a necessary step that makes treaties official, and the U.S. adjusted the purchase price to $2,000. Among the goals were, establish peace and friendship, perpetual annuities, removal, land cession (230 treaties involved land cession), allotments, terminate tribe, abolish slavery, appropriations for non-full blooded Indians, roads and railroads, military posts, fishing rights, self-government, blacksmiths - grist mills, subsistence, education, Known as the Twenty-Points Position Paper, it distilled their analysis of Native American issues into a list of twenty demands, and proposed a new framework for the relationship between Indian tribes and the federal government. In five years' time, settlers would claim 2.8 million acres of Indian land. Treaties also acknowledge the inherent sovereignty of Indigenous nations, a fact that has been disputed and undermined in U.S. courts and Congress since 1831, when the Supreme Court ruled that tribes were domestic dependent nations without self-determination. Despite these terms, the encroachment of white settlers onto treaty territory was already underway, and future treaties would shrink Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw lands even further. Treaty with the Sioux-Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands, Treaty with the Sioux-Mdewakanton and Wahpakoota Bands, Treaty with the Pembina and Red Lake Chippewa Half Breed Signatories, Treaty with the Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache, Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes of Missouri, Treaty with the Confederated Oto and Missouri. The press largely overlooked the Twenty Points, which articulated the demonstrators reason for being there. In return, the U.S. promised to protect tribal lands from further settlement by white colonists. Retrieved 2020-12-20. In the midst of the occupation, demonstrators went through hundreds of boxes of BIA documents, which participants say proved the mismanagement and outright theft of money and other resources from Native Americans that were supposed to have been held in trust by the government. However, this supposed peace did not last long: In 1782, Pennsylvania militiamen murdered almost 100 Lenape citizens at Gnadenhutten, forcing the Lenape out toward Ohio. [4] Clyde Bellecourt, The Thunder Before the Storm: The Autobiography of Clyde Bellecourt (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2016), 94. While the Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora, and Oneida stayed on reservations in New York, the Mohawk and Cayuga moved into Canada. Elected president in 1828, Jackson spearheaded theIndian Removal Act(1830) through Congress, by which the U.S. government granted land west of the Mississippi River to Native tribes who agreed to give up their homelands. Treaty with the Seneca, Mixed Seneca and Shawnee, Quapaw, etc. Sioux leadersrejected the payment, saying the land had never been for sale. In other words, any treaty made between the U.S. and Native American tribes could be broken by Congress, rendering treaties essentially powerless. Treaty with the Ottawa of Blanchard's Fork and Roche de Boeuf, Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi and the Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish Bands, Treaty with the Shoshoni-Northwestern Bands, Supplement to Treaty with the Chippewa-Red Lake and Pembina Bands, Supplement to Treaty with the ChippewaRed Lake and Pembina Bands, Treaty with the Chippewa, Mississippi, and Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish Bands, Treaty with the Chippewa of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River, Treaty with the Sioux or Dakota, Miniconjou Band, Treaty with the Sioux or Dakota, Lower Brule Band, Agreement with the Cherokee and Other Tribes in the Indian Territory, Treaty with the Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho, Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Two-Kettle Band, Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Sans Arc Band, Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Yankpapa Band, Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Onkpahpah Band, Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Upper Yanktonai Band, Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Oglala Band, Supplement to Treaty with the Confederated Tribes and Bands of Middle Oregon, Treaty with the SiouxSisseton and Wahpeton Bands. The representatives from the U.S. government who negotiated the treaty tricked the Dakota representatives into signing a third document, which reallocated the funds meant for the Dakota and Mendota to traders to fulfill invented debts. The U.S. Senate further violated the treaty by eliminating the provision for reservations. Treaty with the Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho; October 17, 1865. [5], From 1778 to 1871, the United States government entered into more than 500 treaties with the Native American tribes;[25] all of these treaties have since been violated in some way or outright broken by the U.S. government,[26][27][28][29] with Native Americans and First Nations peoples still fighting for their treaty rights in federal courts and at the United Nations.[27][30]. The 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty defined the territory of the Great Sioux Nation (Dakotas, Lakotas, and Nakotas) in North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana, in exchange for the creation of roads and railways and the promise of the U.S. to protect the Sioux from American citizens. Ultimately, the treaty relocated the Comanches and Kiowas onto one reservation and the Cheyennes and Arapahoes onto another. As a society we love to hear about the weird, the odd and the bizarre. This civilizational. READ MORE: Why Andrew Jackson's Legacy Is So Controversial. Among these was Billy Tayacs father, Turkey Tayac. [5] Nick Estes, Our History is the Future: Standing Rock Versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance (New York: Verso, 2019), 183; Kent Blansett, A Journey to Freedom: Richard Oakes, Alcatraz, and the Red Power Movement (New Haven: Yale University Press), 250. "But that doesn't mean the commitments that were entered into are completed or are undone.". Violations Against Native Americans. In 1957, two sisters, Joanna, 11, and Jacqueline, 6, Pollock were killed in a tragic car accident. Then it gets weird. In this treaty, negotiated by William Henry Harrison, then governor of Indiana Territory, with Native tribes including the Delaware, Potawatomi, Miami and Eel River tribes, the United States acquired 2.5 million acres of land in what is now Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Ohio, for the equivalent of about two cents per acre. Native resistance to the treatys violation culminated in theBattle of the Little Bighornin 1876, after which government troops flooded the region. Many Cherokee resisted removal from their ancestral lands in the Southeast, bringing their struggle all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. Indians began to examine the conditions under which they lived, and they soon seethed with discontent and a new determination to correct the injustices.[3] But this was more than an extension of the Civil Rights Movement. The ambitions of the Trails organizers began unraveling almost immediately upon the caravans arrival in Washington, D.C. on November 2, 1972. C.. The signing of a treaty between William T. Sherman and the Sioux in a tent at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, 1868. Marie, Treaty with the Chippewa of Saginaw, Swan Creek and Black River, Treaty with the Blackfeet and other tribes, List of treaties of the Confederate States of America, List of treaties unsigned or unratified by the United States, "Treaty Between the English and the Powhatan Indians, October 1646", The Great Treaty of 1722 Between the Five Nations, the Mahicans, and the Colonies of New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, Milestones: 17761783: The Model Treaty, 1776, Journals of the Continental Congress --THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 1783, Treaty between the King of Prussia and the United States of America. READ MORE: Native American History: Timeline. But mutual suspicion continued, especially after Pennsylvania militiamen killed nearly 100 Lenape (most of them women and children) at the village of Gnadenhutten in March 1782, mistakenly believing they were responsible for attacks against white settlers. Elected president in 1828, Jackson spearheaded the Indian Removal Act (1830) through Congress, by which the U.S. government granted land west of the Mississippi River to Native tribes who agreed to give up their homelands. But as white settlers began moving onto Native American lands, this idea came into conflict with the relentless pace of westward expansionresulting in many broken promises on the part of the U.S. government. In 1868, the United States entered into the treaty with a collective of Native American bands historically known as the Sioux (Dakota, Lakota and Nakota) and Arapaho. The Trail of Broken Treaties (also known as the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan and the Pan American Native Quest for Justice) was a 1972 cross-country caravan of American Indian and First Nations organizations that started on the West Coast of the United States and ended at the Department of Interior headquarters building at the US capital of Washington DC. The U.S. military and representatives of a tribe, or sub unit of a tribe, signed documents which were understood at the time to be treaties, rather than armistices, ceasefires and truces. You may also like: 20 influential Indigenous Americans you might not know about. It also promised an annual payment by the United States to the Haudenosaunee of $4,500 in goods, including calico cloth. But their territory has been cut down over the years. But Pacific Northwest tribes, for whom fishing was a vital economic activity, argued that these restrictions were a violation of their treaty rights. Burns Paiute Tribe. The Trail of Broken Treaties: A March on Washington, DC 1972 "The idea of a convergence upon the nation's capital was discussed and accepted as a reasonable effort to sensitize both the Republican and Democratic parties to the profound problems faced by Indian people, and to exact from them firm pledges for enlightened, immediate changes." Before the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, the sovereign of the United Kingdom and the leaders of various North American colonies negotiated treaties that affected the territory of what would later become the United States. The takeover of Alcatraz the following year mobilized Native Americans across the country, and influenced the direction of AIMs work. Scheduled meetings with officials at the Department of Interior, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Commerce were canceled without notice. Concluded during the nearly 100-year period from theRevolutionary Warto the aftermath of theCivil War, some 368 treaties would define the relationship between the United States and Native Americans for centuries to come. ", A museum visitor views wampum belts, fans and other diplomatic tools used during the treaty-making process. This is mostly to distinguish them from the next category. You may also like: Biggest Native American tribes in the U.S. today. Concluded during the nearly 100-year period from the Revolutionary War to the aftermath of the Civil War, some 368 treaties would define the relationship between the United States and Native Americans for centuries to come. And we like our information in a 10-pack usually. Collectively known as the Treaty of Hopewell, these agreements extended the friendship and protection of the United States to the southern Native American tribes; all three ended with the same sentence: The hatchet shall be forever buried, and peace given by the United States of America.. Concluded during the nearly 100-year period from the Revolutionary War to the aftermath of the Civil War, some 368 treaties would define the relationship between the United States and Native Americans for centuries to come. Answer (1 of 5): Over 500 treaties were made and every one of them were either broken changed or nullified. They aren't just the Indians' treaties," she says. The violence spurred by this attack persisted into the War of 1812. [5] Still, it wasnt long before the U.S. broke this treaty. First exploited and colonized by Portugal, the islanders fought valiantly for their independence and were finally granted it in 1975 after the Portuguese Revolution. Paul Morigi/AP By 1972, years of Native American activism had brought about the end of the disastrous policy of termination. The pipeline is still operational. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Native Americans in the Poor People's Campaign, Next: Collectively known as the Treaty of Hopewell, these agreements extended the friendship and protection of the United States to the southern Native American tribes; all three ended with the same sentence: The hatchet shall be forever buried, and peace given by the United States of America.. Broken US-Indigenous treaties: A timeline, Treaty With the Delawares/Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778), Treaty of Canandaigua/Pickering Treaty (1794), Treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota (1851), Land Cession Treaty with the Ojibwe/Treaty of Washington (1855), From Stonewall to today: 50+ years of modern LGBTQ+ history. You may also like: Stories behind the Trail of Tears for every state it passed through. The light-blue pages of Treaty K are signed without ratifying seals or ribbons like 17 other unratified treaties signed by representatives of the U.S. government and Native American nations in California during the Gold Rush. 502 Words3 Pages. For most of American history, tribal governments tended to deal with the government on a one-to-one basis. The Piscataway peoples had long since ceased to live as a people, as European and American colonization in the 17th and 18th century had disrupted and dispersed tribal organizations. Hundreds of Native Americans are killed in the ensuing battle. It also promised an annual payment by the United States to the Haudenosaunee of $4,500 in goods, including calico cloth. Department of Interior officials had asked the D.C. police to evict the squatters at 5:00 p.m., and when they arrived to evict the demonstrators, they touched off a violent skirmish at the buildings entrance. An estimated 10 to 25 percent of Cherokee would dieduring the 1,200-mile trek to Oklahoma, later known as the Trail of Tears.. An increasing number of white settlers moved into the Great Lakes region in the 1780s, escalating tension with established Indigenous nations. If nothing else, we had sent up one hell of a smoke signal.[16], [1] Alysa Landry, Lyndon B. Johnson: Indians are Forgotten Americans, Indian Country Today, 13 September 2018, accessed 20 March 2022. https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/lyndon-b-johnson-indians-are-forgotten-americans, [2] Landry, Richard M. Nixon, Self-Determination Without Termination, Indian Country Today, 13, September 2018, accessed 20 March 2022. https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/richard-m-nixon-self-determination-without-termination. A map of Native American cessions in the Northwest from 1789 to 1816. hide caption. In September 1778, representatives of the newly formedContinental Congresssigned a treaty with the Lenape (Delaware) at Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania. In 1964 SAIA, led by Hank Adams, began organizing fish-ins after the state of Washington refused to recognize the treaty-protected right of Pacific Northwest tribes to fish in ancestral waters. President Andrew Jackson had long been a violent proponent of the forced relocation of Indigenous tribes from the southeast to western areas, leading military efforts against the Creek Nation in 1814 and negotiating many treaties which dispossessed tribes of their lands. In a devastating ruling that would have grave consequences for Indigenous land rights, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could legally "abrogate the provisions of an Indian treaty." Along the way, the caravans passed through several Indian Reservations, where they held ceremonial demonstrations, workshops, and listening sessions, taking note of the specific grievances faced by the different communities they visited. A museum visitor views wampum belts, fans and other diplomatic tools used during the treaty-making process. In the 1855 Treaty of Washington, the Ojibwe ceded nearly all of their remaining land not already lost to the U.S. during previous treaties. The new movement for Native American rights gave Indians more power in their dealings with the federal government. As the caravans wound their way eastward and listened to the struggles faced by Native communities, participants gained a broad perspective on the extent of discontent in Indian country that would guide the movement in the coming years. as well as image rights, data visualizations, forward planning tools, Of the nearly 370 treaties negotiated between the U.S. and tribal leaders, Stacker has compiled a list of 15 broken treaties negotiated between 1777 and 1868 using news, archival documents, and Indigenous and governmental historical reports. hide caption. your CMS. [15] Gabrielle Tayac, Spirits in the River: A Report on the Piscataway People, Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, 1999, 56-57. Red Jacket, chief of the Seneca (Iroquois) tribe, and signatory to the Treaty of Canandaigua. Tecumseh and others argued that the treatys signers had no authority to sell the land and warned Americans not to settle there. Though removal was supposed to be voluntary, in practice Jackson used threats of withheld payments and legal and military action to conclude nearly 70 removal treaties over the course of his presidency, opening up some 25 million acres of land in the Southto white settlement, and slavery. Though many Potawatomi tried to stay, in 1938, the U.S. government enforced their removal by way of a 660-mile forced march from Indiana to Kansas. Unfortunately, in the decades following the signing of the treaty, the state of Minnesota outlawed hunting and harvesting without a license on off-reservation land, a direct violation of the treaty. Though Nixons task force initially rejected the demands set forth in the Twenty Points, many of these objectives were later incorporated into American Indian policy in the coming years, setting a new course for self-determination and tribal recognition, a reversal of the disastrous policies of the past. The Trail of Broken Treaties, Recognition and Blowback Fighting for Culture and International Indigenous Rights Sources The American Indian Movement (AIM) is a grassroots movement for. From 1778 to 1871, the United States signed some 368 treaties with various Indigenous people across the North American continent. READ MORE: How the Battle of Tippecanoe Helped Win the White House. The treaty was soon broken, however, by white settlers who continued to expand their reach into treaty lands. But they quickly became interested in federal Indian policy as they recognized that policy as the root of Indian issues. For centuries, treaties have defined the relationship between many Native American nations and the U.S. More than 370 ratified treaties have helped the U.S. expand its territory and led to many broken promises made to American Indians. Please check your entries and try again. Nevertheless, settlers and the U.S. military violated the treaty and invaded Lakota lands. The demonstrators went to the BIA, seeking assistance in obtaining better lodging. All Rights Reserved. Congress has ratified more than 370 treaties with Native nationstreaties that the United States Constitution describes as the "supreme Law of the Land." But it has broken just about every . Courtesy of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration The majority of Cherokee opposed the treaty, but Congress ratified it anyway, and in 1838 the federal government sent 7,000 U.S. soldiers to enforce the removal of the Cherokees. From 1778 to 1871, the United States signed some 368 treaties with various Indigenous people across the North American continent. The Indian Removal Act created a process by which the president could exchange tribal lands in the eastern United States for federally designated land west of the Mississippi River by negotiating removal treaties with Indigenous nations. Also, in partnership with The Museum of Indian Arts and Culture (MIAC), these treaties and extensive additional historical and contextual information are available through Treaties Explorer (or DigiTreaties). But despite the Courts ruling inWorcester v. Georgia(1832) that the Cherokee and other tribes were sovereign nations, the removal continued. Can you guess which country these real 'Jeopardy!' 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Paul Morigi/AP In 1974, Billy Tayac was instrumental in the Piscataway Resurrection. Not long after, Harrison led an attack on a camp of followers of Tenkswatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, and Tecumseh, who resisted the encroachment of white settlers on the Ohio Valley Nations. Today six tribes, ( Omaha, Winnebago, Ponca, Iowa, Santee Sioux, Sac and Fox ), have reservations in Nebraska. Treaty With the Potawatami, 1832. 1744 - Treaty of Lancaster 1752 - Treaty of Logstown 1754 - Treaty of Albany 1758 - Treaty of Easton 1760 - Treaty of Pittsburgh 1763 - Treaty of Paris 1768 - Treaty of Hard Labour 1768 - Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1770 - Treaty of Lochaber 1774 - Treaty of Camp Charlotte U.S. international treaties [ edit] Over 4,000 Cherokee people died on the Trail of Tears. You may also like: Biggest Native American tribes in the U.S. today The administration also established a task force to consider the Twenty Points, but the task force eventually rejected the demands. Treaty-making between various Native American governments and the United States officially concluded on March 3, 1871 with the passing of the United States Code Title 25, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1, Section 71 (25U.S.C. The press fixated on damages to the BIA building, showing images of broken furniture and spray-painted walls. In 1805, General Zebulon Pike mounted an expedition up the Mississippi River without informing the U.S. government. After U.S. troops under General Mad Anthony Wayne defeated them in the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Miami chief Little Turtle and other Native leaders ceded large parts of what would become Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin in the Greeneville Treaty. Over the decade (1814-24) that Andrew Jackson served as a federal commissioner, he negotiated nine out of 11 treaties signed with Native American tribes in the Southeast, including the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Seminoles and Cherokees, in which the tribes gave up a total of some 50 million acres of land in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Treaty with the Apache, July 1, 1852. Terracotta Army. Treaties are, in fact, living documents, which even today legally bind the United States to the promises it made to Native peoples centuries ago. According to its interim report: "The Commission heard of discipline crossing into abuse: of boys being beaten like men, of girls being whipped for running away. The Shawnee, Delaware, Miami, Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi Nations banded together as the Northwestern Confederacy and assembled an armed resistance to prevent further colonization. In this treaty, signed at Fort Laramie and other military posts in what is now Wyoming, the U.S. governmentrecognizedthe Black Hills of Dakota as the Great Sioux Reservation, the exclusive territory of the Sioux (Dakota, Lakota and Nakota) and Arapaho people. From 1774 until about 1832, treaties between individual sovereign American Indian nations and the United States were negotiated to establish borders and prescribe conditions of behavior between the parties. For some Native Americans, Mount Rushmore is a symbol of broken treaties, white domination. In 2016, water protectors and activists established a camp at Standing Rock to prevent the pipeline's construction, where they were subjected to attack dogs and other methods of excessive force by law enforcement. As more white settlers moved west into the Great Lake region, a Native American confederacy including the Shawnee and Delaware, who had already been driven westward by U.S. expansion, as well as the Miami, Ottawa, Ojibwa and Potawatomi, mounted an armed resistance beginning in the late 1780s. In acts of civil disobedience across Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, Native people began fishing and hunting to assert their own treaty-protected rights. To bring a peaceful end to the siege, the Nixon administration made a deal with the caravan leadership that provided the participants immunity from prosecution and roughly $66,500 in travel expenses to return the demonstrators to their homes. Now, acting in solidarity with other tribes, Indians gained strength in numbers. Despite this sentiment, white settlers were already moving onto the lands designated for the Cherokee, leading to more conflict and the Treaty of Holston (1791), in which the Cherokee forfeited still more land. But after gold was discovered in the Black Hills, miners and settlers began moving onto the land en masse. Treaty with the Pawnee Grand, Loups, Republicans, etc. In the years following the Revolutionary War, Andrew Pickens and other commissioners of the new U.S. government concludedthree highly similar treatieswith the Cherokee, Choctaw and Cherokee Nations at Hopewell, Pickens plantation home in northwestern South Carolina. These objectives were outlined in a Twenty-Point Position Paper that established an agenda for the Native American rights struggle in the years to come. But shortly after the caravans departed in October, the Assistant Secretary of the Interior prohibited the BIA from extending any assistance to the caravan. To publish, simply grab the HTML code or text to the left and paste into In 2018, the Rosebud Sioux Tribe and the Fort Belknap Indian Community sued the Trump administration for violations concerning the permitting of the Keystone XL Pipeline, which was shut down in June 2021. In 1832, the Potawatomi Nation signed a peace treaty with the U.S. ensuring the Potawatomi peoples safety on their reservations in Indiana. Though removal was supposed to be voluntary, in practice Jackson used threats of withheld payments and legal and military action to conclude nearly 70 removal treaties over the course of his presidency, opening up some 25 million acres of land in the South to white settlement, and slavery. Something went wrong. Suzan Shown Harjo points to a signature on Treaty K at the National Archives. The treaty established. [8] On November 2, roughly 500 Native American demonstrators initiated a sit-in at the Bureau of Indian Affairs building. [14] But despite the Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia (1832) that the Cherokee and other tribes were sovereign nations, the removal continued. Supplementary Treaty with the Miami, etc. The signing of a treaty between William T. Sherman and the Sioux in a tent at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, 1868. The Lenape (Delaware) were already being forced from their ancestral homelands in New York City, the lower Hudson Valley, and much of New Jersey when the Dutch settled there in the 17th century. Viewing American Indian Treaties Treaty Between the U.S. and the Sauk and Fox Indians, November 3, 1804 View in National Archives Catalog The original ratified treaties between the United States and American Indian tribal nations are housed at the National Archives in Washington, DC, as the series, "Indian Treaties, 1722-1869" (National Archives Identifier 299798). The official responsible for negotiating with the Native Americans was Isaac Ingalls Stevens, the governor of the Washington Territory. This new treaty also created the Leech Lake and Mille Lacs Reservations and allotted reservation land to individual families. Although the Trail of Broken Treaties did not accomplish all that its organizers had hoped, it would be a mistake to call the demonstration a failure. A map of Native American cessions in the Northwest from 1789 to 1816. Sino-American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China, Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, Convention on International Civil Aviation, International Civil Aviation Organization, Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights (United StatesIran), Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations (ThailandUnited States), International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (1978), Cook IslandsUnited States Maritime Boundary Treaty, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations, United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, United Nations Convention Against Torture, Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement, U.S.Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement, CrownIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Additional article to the Treaty with the Cherokee, Agreement with the Five Nations of Indians, Relinquishment of land to the United States by the Eel-Rivers, Wyandots, Piankeshaws, Kaskaskias, and Kickapoos, Elucidation of the convention with the Cherokees of January 7, 1806.

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