For example, Eyvindr skldaspillir composed in the latter half of the 10th century, and he uses a couple of lines in his Hkonarml that are also found in Hvaml. Like most early poetry, the Eddic poems were minstrel poems, passed orally from singer to singer and from poet to poet for centuries. but a gaping emptiness nowhere green. In contrast to the so-called Younger Edda, or Prose Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson, the authors of the Poetic Edda are unknown. Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app. In the poems, you will not only find entertaining literature but an invaluable insight into Old Norse culture and beliefs. They were written by different poets, possibly hundreds of years apart as well as from different parts of Scandinavia and Iceland. The most complete and well-preserved edition is the 45-page vellum manuscript known as Codex Regius (Iceland Konungsbk). Their age and importance is often difficult to evaluate but the Hervarar saga, in particular, contains interesting poetic interpolations. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. The Codex Regius of the Poetic Edda is the oldest and most comprehensive extant source of Norse mythology. No o." A man is happy if he finds praise and friendship within himself. It also includes references to many of the prominent Norse gods, such as Odin, Thor, and Freyja, and their role in the events described in the poem. One of the sources is the Poetic Edda. In the end, Thor exclaims that he has tricked Alvis as the sun is coming up and the poor dwarf turns into stone. "It's a long and crooked walk to a bad friend, even if he lives nearby. Nine worlds I can reckon, nine roots of the Tree. This poetry is considered to be different from skaldic poetry, which was usually by named poets about contemporary people and characterized by more elaborate diction and meter. when Ymir made his dwelling: If I look back, I recall Freyr is sitting in Hlidskjalf one day when he sees Gerd deep in Jotunheim. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 20, 2020. In the beginning, when naught was, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 02:16. beneath the earth. One poem that he mentions is lacking in the Poetic Edda as we know it: Heimdallargaldr, the Song or Incantation of Heimdallr; moreover, he makes seventeen citations from other poems which, although lost to us, evidently formed portions of the original Eddic collections, or belonged to the same traditional stock. Overall, the poem explores the very Old Norse themes of fate, prophecy, and the power of dreams. Two of the sectionsSkldskaparml (The Language of Poetry), dealing with the elaborate, riddle-like kennings and circumlocutions of the skalds, and Httatal (A Catalog of Metres), giving examples of 102 metres known to Snorriare of interest chiefly to specialists in ancient Norse and Germanic literature. Is the Prose Edda like an abridged version of the Poetic Edda? Instantly smitten by her beautiful looks, his servant Skirnir travels to convince her to marry Freyr. neither sands nor seas nor cooling waves, To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. It is also one of many examples of how Loki, the one ultimately bringing the world to an end, is instrumental in helping Thor and the other gods. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! Jackson Crawford's recent version of the Poetic Edda keeps much of the original meaning of the words, but uses very simple accessible language. The story begins with the dwarf Alvis coming home to Thor, asking for the hand of his daughter Thrud in marriage. From early in the Viking Age, bards or poets, called skalds attached themselves to Scandinavian courts, and by the 11th century, these skalds were primarily Icelandic. Accurate dating of the poems has long been a source of scholarly debate. Anyone checked it out? Gods roles and importance changed somewhat for some of them, and that could also lead to slight variations. For centuries it was stored in the Royal Library in Copenhagen, but in 1971 it was returned to Iceland. It may be easiest to link edda with a root word for poetics, the study of poetry. Here is an example from Volusp (The Prophecy of the Sibyl), with the caesura represented by a *, translated by Lee M. Hollander: both high and low * of Heimdall's children: thou wilt, Valfather, * that I well set forth, the fates of the world * which at first I recall.'. who bred me up long ago. He has taught Norse mythology, the Old Norse language, and the history of the Scandinavian languages at UCLA and the University of California, Berkeley. The Prose Edda, by contrast, is attributed to Snorri Sturluson, although he may have simply compiled it, as opposed to having been the author. Reviewed in the United States on February 7, 2023. : You can never be sure of where you stand in someone elses heart. How many biogeographical classification of India. fyr mold nean. 275 lessons. The poem is notable for its use of humor and satire, and its portrayal of the gods as flawed and human-like figures. The Eddic poems are composed in alliterative verse. This has apparently been promised to him as some payment for something he has done. Understanding the probability of measurement w.r.t. [1] The Codex Regius is arguably the most important extant source on Norse mythology and Germanic heroic legends. Hes fatigued when the morning comes, and his problems remain unsolved. had reared me Sigrdrfuml (Sigrdrfa poem)6. Please try again. After more than a decade as a full-time Instructor in Scandinavian Studies at such institutions as the University of Colorado Boulder, the University of California-Berkeley, and the University of California-Los Angeles, became a full-time public educator in all things Old Norse in 2020. The Poetic Edda, also known as the Smundar Edda, or the Elder Edda, is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval manuscript Codex Regius.Along with Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, the Poetic Edda is the most important extant source on Norse mythology and Germanic heroic legends.. Codex Regius was written in the 13th century, but nothing is known of its . These amazing texts from a 13th-century Icelandic manuscript are of huge historical, mythological and literary importance, containing the lion's share of information that survives today about the gods and heroes of pre-Christian Scandinavians, their unique vision of the beginning and end of the world, etc. Helgi Hundingsbane is a hero in Norse sagas and appears in two poems in the Poetic Edda: Helgakvia Hundingsbana I and Helgakvia Hundingsbana II. The poems tell the story of Helgi and his wife Sigrn who is a valkyrie. those who nurtured me then; The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse mythological and heroic poems from an unknown author that was composed between 800-1100 AD. Their talk turns into a protracted talk about what different things are called in the various realms. When Was the Communist Manifesto Written? Corrections? The first edition does have a couple of typos in, but the latest print looks perfect. An example of substitution is using the word 'steed' in place of 'horse.' I had been looking forward to receiving this new translation of the Poetic Edda. Helrei Brynhildar (Brynhilds Hel-Ride)10. The Prose Edda was written by the Icelandic chieftain, poet, and historian Snorri Sturluson, probably in 122223. It is possible that he was quoting a known poem, but it is also possible that Hvaml, or at least the strophe in question, is the younger derivative work. Please try again. In a way, it is mimicking the inevitability that all the gods have in escaping their own doom. If you are interested in a closer look, you may find English translations of both on sacred-texts.com: The "Poetic Edda" is used to refer to a group of poems dealing with the Norse Gods and heroes. nine giantesses, In the saga, we meet both Sigurd the Dragonslayer and Brunhild the Valkyrie among others in the saga. The few demonstrably historical characters mentioned in the poems, such as Attila, provide a terminus post quem of sorts. there was neither sand nor sea, nor cooling waves; It is believed to have been written around 1270 in Iceland and likely changed hands many times. I remember of yore were born the Jtuns, Original image by Unknown. Quite surprisingly I am also able to navigate and understand quite a lot of the old Norse texts and have used those as well. who long ago brought me up; In 1643, he discovered what we now call the Prose or Younger Edda, written by Icelandic aristocrat Snorri Sturluson in the 12th century. there was no sand nor sea nor cool waves; However, none are complete as the Codex Regius. 'Royal Book'. I remember giants and grass nowhere. Freyja is on her boar Hildisvni and Hyndla is on a wolf. Its tales of strife and death form a repository, in poetic form, of Norse mythology and heroic lore, embodying both the ethical views and the cultural life of the North during the late heathen and early Christian times. (The Icelandic Sagas, in particular, can be viewed as a precursor to the modern novel.) The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval manuscript Codex Regius. a gulf was there of gaping voids Norse mythology enthusiast, Norwegian and living next to a series of old Viking age burial mounds. no earth to be found, nor heaven above: They were not only poets, but singers and performers as well. Amazon sucks, Crawford is awesome though. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Vlund ultimately takes revenge on the king by killing his sons and raping his daughter Boldvild, before flying away on wings he had made himself. Here are two examples from the Poetic Edda that use kennings: From Skrnisml' (The Lay of Skrnir') in which the god Freyr and his servant Skrnir speak to each other: 'How tell thee my yearning, * oh youth, as thou wishest--. glorious tree of good measure, While the Poetic Edda poems focus more on heroes and dialogue, skaldic poetry focuses on personal statements, little dialogue, and doesn't focus on battles or a hero's journey. no cooling waves, no grass, The girls are brought to a magic mill stone to grind out wealth for the king and sing for his household. n gras hvrgi. I grew up with Norse myths, but I haven't actually read the Eddas. Somewhat like a Norse version of Romeo and Juliet, Skirnismal tells the story of how Freyr and Gerd connect. There was a problem loading your book clubs. Other drivers of change would have been the variations of beliefs from one region to another, or through time. The Poetic Edda is the modern name for an untitled collection of Old Norse anonymous narrative poems, which is distinct from the Prose Edda written by Snorri Sturluson, although both works are seminal to the study of Old Norse poetry. Here is another example, from 'Hrbarzljd' ('The Lay of Hbarth'), which is a confrontation between Odin and Thr. The poem tells the story of the goddess Freyja and the vlva Hyndla riding together towards Valhalla. Although the Prose Edda certainly draws from the poems of the Poetic Edda, it also includes many embellishments. who long ago A notable aspect of Old Norse poetry are the three categories in the language of poetry: to call everything by name, substitution, and _kennings_. 1. Scan this QR code to download the app now. Those who fed me in former days: The gods decide to seek the advice of a vlva, who tells them that Baldrs death will come at the hands of his own brother, Hodr. under the ground. This version is smaller in size than my other copy, but contains more stories and just seems excellent all around, especially when paired with the audiobook and Crawford's Norse Mythology course, which I found on prime, and his countless YouTube videos. Only receiving help from a young boy named Agnar Odin tells many things about the gods and Asgard. Cookie Notice The wonderful Ash, way under the ground As mentioned above, Codex Regius is not the only version of a collection of the poems of the Poetic Edda. This book is so awesome to read. Omissions? I think it was this one, by Crawford. In Grimnismal, Odin is a prisoner and chained between two fires. For more information, please see our While it is short with only six poems, it is the only one which includes Baldrs Draumar. that renowned tree of fate below the Earth The Poetic Edda is the modern name for an untitled collection of Old Norse anonymous narrative poems, which is distinct from the Prose Edda written by Snorri Sturluson. Dronke will still be the most helpful in filling you in on some of this. Thought to be one of the oldest surviving works of Norse literature and is believed to first have been written in the 10th century. Covering many topics, quite a few of his words of wisdom would not be advisable to take literally today. For example, stanzas 916 of Vlusp, the "Dvergatal" or "Roster of Dwarfs", is considered by some scholars to be an interpolation. I tell of Giants from times forgotten. Those not found in the Codex Regius are sometimes called the "eddic appendix". 'twas a chaotic chasm, Skalds were also considered Norse bards. nine worlds, nine wood-witches, The Hymiskvida is an interesting poem that gives a great insight into the often fraught relationship between the Aesir gods and the jotnar. I figure I can always advance to the more scholarly editions later. The Great Lacuna A section where eight pages are missing in the Codex RegiusBrot af Sigurarkviu (Follows the missing section, last 22 stanzas of a poem about Sigurd)7. The poem is notable for its complex and nuanced portrayal of Vlund as both a skilled craftsman and a (very) vengeful hero. English translators are not consistent on the translations of the names of the Eddic poems or on how the Old Norse forms should be rendered in English. [5], Opinions differ on the best way to translate the text, on the use or rejection of archaic language, and the rendering of terms lacking a clear English analogue. Despite being ordered to grind continuously, the girls remain benevolent and sing, wishing wealth and happiness for the king. Up to three translated titles are given below, taken from the translations of Bellows, Hollander, and Larrington with proper names in the normalized English forms found in John Lindow's Norse Mythology and in Andy Orchard's Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. A fool stays awake all night worrying about everything. This is a great read. Edda is identical to a word that means "great-grandmother", which appeared in an Eddic poem, and an Old Norse word meaning "poetry". To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Notice here that the kenning is 'alf's-beam.' For example, there are no wolves in Iceland, but we can be sure that Icelandic poets were familiar with the species. Jackson Crawford has completed a superb job at translating the Poetic Edda into a book that is easy to read and to me, far more accessible than any other version. Later the lovely Jrmunrekkr pays for his actions. Iceland was in fact founded around 870 AD by Norwegian nobles who fled there. I remember nine Worlds, nine Sibyls, I recommend having a look for the illustrations alone! Written in 1387 to 1394, it is by and large old sagas about Norse kings, with one interesting exemption. What does a Grade 3 heart murmur mean in cats? Alliteration is the repetition of sounds in nearby words. Great selection and excellent translation, Reviewed in the United States on February 24, 2023. forward and translation by the esteemed Jackson Crawford. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. no sky, I remember nine worlds, Learn more at, Publisher Several versions of the Poetic Edda exist: especially notable is the medieval Icelandic manuscript Codex Regius, which contains 31 poems. Please try your request again later. Although the Codex was written in the 13th century, the material it is comprised of may be older, as Old Norse poetry dates as far back as the 8th century. Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century CE Icelandic scholar, also wrote a version of these tales, quoting much of the poems in his book. Believed to have been written in 1680 it contains a number of colorful illustrations of the gods and mythological motifs. "Signpost" puzzle from Tatham's collection. The kenning here is "Hoar-Beard," which is used to describe Odin (he has a rough beard). I remember nine worlds, I remember nine giant women, Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. . There's the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. It is the primary . The Poetic Edda: Stories of the Norse Gods and Heroes (Hackett Classics), have waited a long time for a Modern English translation that would do them justice. I will most certainly be using this translation when I teach Norse mythology in the future and will recommend it to anyone looking for an approachable introduction to the subject. These manuscripts are housed in Icelandic libraries and archives, such as the rni Magnsson Institute for Icelandic Studies in Reykjavik or the Arnamagnan Institute in Copenhagen. A comparison of the second and third verses (lines 512) of the Vlusp is given below: Ek man jtna s forum mik there was Yawning of Deeps and nowhere grass: I remember yet the giants of yore, If you dont know Old Norse, I advise consulting a couple different translations to get a sense of the range of choices and interpretations possible. Sturluson's Edda is an interesting book because it is like a technical manual in story form. : The Poetic Edda uses more structured language compared to the Prose Edda. There it grinds still, creating all the salt in the oceans. The version he knew, however, seems different, indicating that the poems of the Edda were very popular among the Vikings. They all have one or a few poems that today are seen as part of the Poetic Edda collection. Maybe the second best thing is to take some of the stories along with you on a hike. The language of the poems is usually clear and relatively unadorned. The Prose Edda was used more like an instruction book for young poets. Its formalized language reflects the wording of earlier centuries, so there was little room for retelling stories. Crawford's sense of rhythm is perhaps his strongest suit here, contributing significantly to the readability of the verse. have reared. I immediately became intrigued by his content. a glorious Judge beneath the earth. This has been translated by Jackson Crawford. Several versions exist, all primarily of text from the Icelandic medieval manuscript known as the Codex Regius, which contains 31 poems. The poem is notable for its use of humor and satire, and its depiction of the very manly Thor in a comic light. The two literary devices used in Poetic Eddas are Caesure (provides a long pause) and Kennings (these are combination words). I havent yet finished the entire book, but Ill say this: its a must have! I call to mind the kin of etins Please try again. How do I stop the Flickering on Mode 13h? r/Norse is a subreddit dedicated to academic discussion of Norse and Viking history, mythology, language, art and culture. The Poetic Edda was used to record mythological and heroic poems. nine wood-ogresses, The poem covers a wide range of topics, including Norse mythology, cosmology, and the history of the world. Follow authors to get new release updates, plus improved recommendations. Learn more about the program. It consists of a prologue and three parts. Imagine hearing these stories sitting on a bench inside a great hall, the hushed din of people all around you. was nor sea nor land nor salty waves, If you don't know Old Norse, I advise consulting a couple different translations to get a sense of the range of choices and interpretations possible. I watch a lot of his videos and I really like how he translates the old Norse work. The girls as it turns out, have a mysterious past and in the end, things dont quite go the way king Frodi had wished. Kennings are often employed, though they do not arise as frequently, nor are they as complex, as those found in typical skaldic poetry. [1] All rights reserved. The second half of the Poetic Edda includes heroic lays (narrative epics about heroes). Being an important part of the Old Norse myths, Baldrs Draumar tells of how Baldur is having troublesome dreams. "An excellent and entertaining work that succeeds in achieving its intended purpose: to create an accessible and readable English translation of the, . Nine worlds I remember, Many of the poems are introduced by prose summaries. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life Summary, The Prince by Machiavelli: Quotes & Explanations, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Written in 1270, contains material centuries older, Author is not known, Bishop Brynjolfur Sveinsson complied and named collection, Consists of all Norse mythology stories and myths, heroic poems and legends, and heroic lays, Functioned like a reference and teachable material for any myth, legend, hero, or god, Consists of four sections: the prologue, aspects of Norse mythology, the language and nature of poetry, and traditional skaldic poetry, Functioned like a textbook and provided understanding and meaning for those learning poetry. The Poetic Edda (also known as The Elder Edda) is a collection of Old Norse poems. Some early translators relied on a Latin translation of the Edda, including Cottle. Nine worlds I know, the nine abodes The Eddic poems are "folk-poetry,"whatever that may be,only in the sense that some of them strongly reflect racial feelings and beliefs; they are anything but crude or primitive in workmanship, and they show that not only the poets themselves, but also many of their hearers, must have made a careful study of the art of poetry. I remember being reared by Jotuns, Adding EV Charger (100A) in secondary panel (100A) fed off main (200A). He does this by telling Old Norse legends in prose and then gives examples of how previous skalds have described these legends in poetic form. In short, there is no one obvious candidate for best translation of the Poetic Edda into English. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Something went wrong. Before the re-discovery of the Poetic Edda in the 17th century, the Prose Edda was commonly known as just the Edda. One of the most well-known examples of a kenning in Poetic Edda can be found in the following quote from 'Harbarzljod' ('The Lay of Habarth'). ", Natalie M. Van Deusen, University of Alberta, in, is easy to pick up and read. Thor himself journeys to Thrym, disguised as a bride, and the humour derives from the brides astonishing manners at the wedding feast, where she eats an ox and eight salmon, and drinks three vessels of mead. nor above it heaven: The Poetic Edda: Stories of the Norse Gods and Heroes (Hackett Classics) by Jackson Crawford (Author) 5,171 ratings #1 Best Seller in Norse & Icelandic Sagas See all formats and editions eTextbook $9.99 Read with Our Free App Audiobook $0.00 Free with your Audible trial Hardcover nor sand nor sea, The Poetic Edda (also known as The Elder Edda) is a collection of Old Norse poems. Can I use my Coinbase address to receive bitcoin? The Poetic Edda Quotes. The stories of the Norse gods and heroes were passed down orally in long, traditional poems during the Viking Age. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The diction is simple and clear. In short, there is no one obvious candidate for best translation of the Poetic Edda into English. The purpose and place of the Poetic Edda is that it serves as a source for all myths of the Norse gods, such as Odin, Thor, and Loki. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. While researching Beowulf I came across Jackson Crawford's YouTube channel. 20 chapters | It also contains many kennings, a type of metaphorical phrase used in Norse poetry, which add to the poetic complexity of the poem. There isnt just one collection of poems, rather there are several similar, yet different collections of mostly the same poems. In the poem Harbardsljod, Thor is on his way home from one of his adventures in Jotunheim when he comes to a wide and deep sound. The poems reveal a lot about the attitudes and beliefs of the pre Christian Nordic people. When Codex Regius was discovered, it seemed that the speculation had proved correct, but modern scholarly research has shown that the Prose Edda was likely written first and that the two were, at most, connected by a common source.[2]. in those ancient days Grttasngr is by some considered part of the Poetic Edda. Thor however was not part of the arrangement and will not go along with it. Tells the story of a Norse god calling himself Rig (this likely meant to be Odin, but it says Heimdall in the introduction to the poem) and his creation of the social classes of mankind. The Poetic Edda, by contrast, is composed in a simple style and is anonymous and objective in point of view. 1. The girls create an army with the magical mill stones, the king is killed and in the end, the mill stones end up at the bottom of the sea. harv error: no target: CITEREFFinnur1932 (, Eddica minora: Dichtungen eddischer Art aus den Fornaldarsgur und anderen Prosawerken, "Translating the Poetic Edda into English", "The Poetic Edda: Translated from the Icelandic with an Introduction and Notes", The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; and the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Edda&oldid=1146808285. This story tells of the time Thor and Tyr venture into Jotunheim hoping to get a large cauldron from Tyrs jtun father Hymir. then was sand nor sea nor cooling wave, Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The wise-woman Hyndla, being asked by Freyja to trace the ancestry of her favorite Ottar for the purpose of a wager, gives a complex genealogy including many of the heroes who appear in popular sagas. : "When a real battle starts, you'll always find that there is no bravest man.". Cards remind me of - 1.Ace- The days when I'm the best version of myself. These lays are the oldest surviving poetic forms of the Germanic legend of deceit, slaughter, and revenge that forms the core of the great medieval German epic Nibelungenlied. Several versions exist, all consisting primarily of text from the Icelandic mediaeval manuscript known as the Codex Regius. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. Then it became known as the Codex Regius, and was kept at the Royal Library in Copenhagen. We are not quite sure where the word edda comes from or what exactly it means. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. only the cavern of chaos's gaping gulf. Of old was the age when Ymir lived; The Poetic Edda is the modern attribution for an unnamed collection of Old Norse poems. Several of the legendary sagas contain poetry in the Eddic style. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. A kenning is a new word made up of qualities that describe the original world. The two best-known works about Norse mythology, the Eddas, are actually two very different types of books, or collections. The Prose Edda was used more like an instruction book for young poets. . Jackson Crawford earned his Ph.D. in Scandinavian Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and an M.A. Alliteration is an obvious feature of Old Norse poetry. so much accredited books are built upon previous publication including the past errors and miss information and you can feel they put their own values and ideas of what a viking should be. However this is mostly one-sided as no one of the gods take the bait. The Prose Edda, also known as the "Younger Edda", is believed to have been written and compiled by Icelandic scholar and historian, Snorri Sturluson. there was no sand, no sea, Keeps a poetic flare and has extensive notes at the bottom. The tales are told with dramatic artistry, humour, and charm. density matrix. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Poems similar to those found in the Codex Regius are also included in many editions of the Poetic Edda. There is another thing that might cause some confusion when we speak about the Poetic Edda. They would develop over time, and change slightly both over time and across distances and countries. The poems in the so-called Niflung Cycle are in great part the source material for the Saga of the Vlsungs. 14th century CE. The Bishop called this manuscript of 29 Norse poems Edda Saemundi Multiscii. Lee M Hollander's Poetic Edda is superb. Q: Does Snorris retelling of Norse mythology contain poems? Whats the difference between Prose Edda and Poetic Edda? Then in 1643, almost four hundred years later, it came to be owned by Bishop Brynjlfur Sveinsson. The poem is presented as a prophecy given by a seeress, and tells the story of the creation of the world, the deeds of the gods, and the eventual destruction of the world in Ragnarok, the Norse apocalypse. Love the stories and all the lessons within, Reviewed in the United States on February 8, 2023, Reviewed in the United States on September 16, 2022, I love the norse mythological stories and the wisdom therein, but, I dont understand why he added the Havamal and the Volsungs, which I was gonna read after, like why even have those books if youre gonna add them all into this one book?

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