She also has experience educating the public through various programs via outreach with presentations, festivals, and set courses. Reefs are formations of coral, roughly shaped like mountains, which run just below the surface of the water. . Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! As the only federal program dedicated to exploring our deep ocean, the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research plays a key role in this work. The Organic Theory asserts that a nation's power and prosperity are determined by the size and quality of its territory. For example, the people may not agree with the boundaries or other states may not recognize them. These three areas, collectively known as the continental margin, are rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas and certain minerals. A state's territorial sea, where it is sovereign, extends 19 kilometers (12 miles) into the sea. Governments and other political actors often seek to expand their territory in order to increase their power and influence. In the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low-water line of the reef.20. Local Government Boundaries: Cultural & Political Influence, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Overview of Human-Environmental Interaction, Forms of Governance: Unitary & Federal States, What is Sovereignty? These nations also opposed Libyas claim to historical use due to a lack of demonstrated usage and its large size. It extended territorial sovereignty of each coastal nation up to 12 miles from shore and allowed each coastal nation a 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone that grants each nation special privileges with respect to resources, research, and some jurisdiction. A low-tide elevation is a landmass that is completely submerged during high tide but above water at low tide. The EEZ provides a framework for the management of marine resources and the protection of the marine environment, and it plays a role in shaping the balance of power between states in the global maritime system. 2. However, the nation (or nations) controlling the strait regulates the way passages are made. The rights of coastal States to regulate and exploit areas of the ocean under their jurisdiction are one the foundations of the LOSC. Although the LOSC does not impose any limitations on fishing in the high seas, it encourages regional cooperation to conserve those resources and ensure their sustainability for future generations. A region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country. jusinskij_54591. This new doctrine specified who could pass through their waters. The geographic term for a country that is completely surrounded by the territory of more than one other country and has no direct access to the sea is landlocked. Being landlocked is generally considered to be a major disadvantage for a country because that countrymust rely on another country for any goods that are transported by sea. These zones give coastal States different jurisdictional rights. The Territorial Sea includes 12 miles of complete sovereignty away from the coast. 0 plays. These zones are measured using nautical miles, a measurement based on the circumference of the Earth.2 One nautical mile equals roughly 1.15 miles on land. 166 lessons Finally, rising sea levels threaten to alter the current demarcation of maritime zones. The EEZ is the most misunderstood of all the maritime zones by policymakers in States around the world. According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive, and he argued that nations must continuously seek to expand their territory in order to secure the resources and living space they need to prosper. Territoriality is a way for animals, including humans, to mark their territory and defend it from intruders. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you This method allows States to draw its boundary 60 miles from the foot of the shelfs slope.8 This expanded continental shelf cannot, however, exceed (i) 350 miles from the baseline or (ii) 100 miles from the 2,500-meter isobath.9. Ap Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary Answers - Flashcards Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! Learn a new word every day. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The UNCLOS also establishes the right of states to engage in activities such as scientific research, freedom of navigation, and the laying of submarine cables and pipelines on the high seas. Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and waters above it. 0% average accuracy. While Grotius was able to win the argument in a court of law, saying that those waters were international and that the British should return the goods, the English did not concede as they were much more powerful during that time. Mackinder's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify territorial expansion and military intervention in the heartland region. These disputes may involve issues such as the rights to use or access certain land, the rights to natural resources, or the rights to build on or develop certain property. She has a bachelor of science degree in environmental management from Columbia Southern University and a master of science degree in coastal and marine environments from the University of Ireland, Galway. Mackinder believed that this region was central to interaction between Europe and Asia and to the rest of the world. The concept of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was adopted through the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. There are some theories that aim to explain this. Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Organic Theory: Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) was a British geographer and political scientist who is best known for his contributions to the development of the discipline of geopolitics and for his theory of the "Heartland," which proposes that the control of the interior of the Eurasian landmass is the key to global dominance. Article 56 also allows States to establish and use artificial islands, installations and structures, conduct marine scientific research, and protect and preserve the marine environment through Marine Protected Areas.5 Article 58 declares that Articles 88 to 115 of the Convention relating to high seas rights apply to the EEZ in so far as they are not incompatible with this Part [V].6. Phillip J. Turner, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition), 2019. . Protection of human life 70 Article 147. Example of multiple countries claim over pieces of the North Sea in Europe. Accessed 1 May. QUIZ NEW SUPER DRAFT. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact [email protected] for more information and to obtain a license. With bigger ships and oil tankers traveling across the world, the threat of serious pollution problems increased far more than was the case hundreds of years ago. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. Mackinder is known for his work on the concept of the "Heartland," which he developed in his paper "The Geographical Pivot of History" (1904). Contact Us How did colonialism & the fall of the Soviet Union along with their lasting impacts define interactions between citizens in newly formed states. June 01, 2013. The dispute has arisen from competing claims over island chains in the region by nations such as China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, among others. In International Law the term territorial waters refers to that part of the ocean immediately adjacent to the shores of a state and subject to its territorial jurisdiction. Typically, this must be peaceful and public.Prescription is similar to occupation, but concerns otherwise empty territory. Copy and Edit. To demarcate the proverbial rules of the road, the LOSC permits coastal States to establish several different maritime zones. This map shows the boundaries of the U.S. EEZ, outlined in yellow, as well as deep and shallow water areas of the U.S. EEZ that have not been mapped as of January 2020. This new territory would allow China to control more water to extract natural resources, control more extensive trade routes, and extend areas where they could grow fishing practices to their benefit. Terms for Creating and Maintaining Sites, Chapter 1: International Law, Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention, Chapter 6: Maritime Security, Convention on the Law of the Sea, Chapter 9: LOSC Dispute Resolution Provisions, Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. The part of the ocean adjacent to the coast of a state that is considered to be part of the territory of that state and subject to its sovereignty. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. To save this word, you'll need to log in. Living resources, such as fish, are available for exploitation by any vessel from any State. The LOSC states that the Area is considered the common heritage of all mankind12 and is beyond any national jurisdiction. 43 according to the U.S. State Department. This was a doctrine that took effect in the 17th century and customarily limited each coastal nation's claims to three miles of territorial water off of their coast. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Chile is the classic example of an elongated state because it spans thousands of miles top to bottom, but only a few hundred from side-to-side. Boundaries are defined, delimited, demarcated, and administered to establish limits of sovereignty, but they are often contested. These rights are described in detail in Chapter Three: Freedom of Navigation. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. However, it isn't practical in today's world as it would allow many nations around the world to exploit each other's' vital resources and deposit waste not far off another nations' coast. Most importantly under the new laws, states with coastlines now have territorial sovereignty over a breadth of sea up to 12 nautical miles away from their coast. It proposes that the "rimland," the coastal regions surrounding the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass), is the most important area in the world because it is the center of the world's sea power. AP Human Geography: Practice Tests and Flashcards, A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n), If the political barrier between two states is the 50th parallel on the lines of latitude, then the boundary between those two states is known as a(n), A country that is completely surrounded by the territory of other countries and has no access to the sea is said to be, Alaska is an example of an exclave because it is a region of the United States that is completely separate from the main body of the United States. Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land. States have the right to construct artificial islands, installations and structures within their EEZ.22 Owners of such artificial features are permitted to establish reasonable safety zones, usually not to exceed 500 meters (1649 feet) or acceptable standards from international safety organizations such as the International Maritime Organization. Since the ratification of the LOSC, there has been limited activity in relation to these provisions.13. The Paracels and Spratlys are two island chains at the center of a territorial dispute involving the law of the sea in the South China Sea. 200 nautical mile (230 mile) exclusive economic zone. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. The high seas are the waters and oceans outside the territorial jurisdiction of any individual state. The intention was to define each country and its control over the ocean specifically. The theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify naval expansion and military intervention in the rimland region. Territorial Sea. It identified which resources and how much each country was entitled to and the laws necessary to conserve the ocean's integrity. A state that is completely surrounded by another state. Most populous is Puerto Rico,owned by the US. A c c o m m o d a . The Organic Theory was used to justify imperialism and territorial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Which of these is an example of an elongated state? Another challenge centers on the definition of islands. A region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country. It has also been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. Main Phone +1 617-627-3700, Disclaimer | Territorial Sea. 160 Packard Ave. This would have allowed Libya a much larger area to restrict navigation and overflight. Guam is an example of an occupied territory. The low-water line is derived from the coastal States own charts.1. The Contiguous Zone has limited sovereignty up to 24 nautical miles from the coast. The dispute over the Gulf of Sidra illustrates the challenges posed by bays and straight baselines. TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE 23 SECTION 1. Privacy Policy The Heartland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the heartland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia). See below for information on artificial islands, which are treated differently than naturally occurring islands. States with river mouths are permitted to draw a straight baseline between the low-water lines on each bank.17. Which of these is an example of a prorupted state? She or he will best know the preferred format. Download image (jpg, 146 KB). The Rimland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by American diplomat and strategist Nicholas Spykman in the mid-20th century. Cultural Hearth Overview & Examples | What is a Cultural Hearth? But, why do some states grow while others stay weak? These disputes may be fueled by a sense of historical or cultural attachment to the land or by a desire to protect traditional ways of life. The convention established international norms for recognizing sovereignty, boundaries, and international relations. geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. 14 LOSC, Article 7. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Non-living resources from the Area, which the LOSC refers to as minerals, are handled differently from fish, since mineral extraction projects are capital intensive to build and administer. The opposite of an elongated state is a compact state. A country that is completely surrounded by the territory of other countries and has no access to the sea is said to be __________. However, despite this clarified law, numerous conflicts have arisen. AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. Although it is easy to determine how baselines can be drawn from large areas of continental coastline, such as in Florida or California, there are other maritime features that can affect how zones are drawn. Political power refers to the ability of a group or individual to influence or control the decisions, actions, and resources of others. The Rimland Theory has been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. Most African & Asian colonies became independent after WWII. This seaward extension is geologically formed as the seabed slopes away from the coast, typically consisting of a gradual slope (the continental shelf proper), followed by a steep slope (the continental slope), and then a more gradual slope leading to the deep seabed floor. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. It has also been heavily criticized for its naturalistic and deterministic approach, which fails to account for the complex and fluid nature of international relations. If the entrance is more than 24 miles wide, a State can only draw a straight baseline 24 miles across the bay in a way that maximizes the area of internal waters. Despite its criticisms, Mackinder's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. Territoriality Example Question #171 : Ap Human Geography Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? As an international body, the Authority also includes an Assembly of representatives from each nation which functions like a large Board of Directors. In human societies, territoriality is often tied to ideas of ownership, sovereignty, and jurisdiction, and it is often used as a means of establishing and maintaining power and control. Due to the maritime features discussed later in this chapter, the U.S. has the largest EEZ in the world, totaling 3.4 million square nautical miles. A region of a country where the vast majority of the citizens of that country live. The current version of UNCLOS was completed in 1982 and went into effect in 1994. In 1994 the United Nations established the Laws of the Sea. Since they are not naturally occurring, artificial features do not create a territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, or continental shelf. Denmark is located southwest of Sweden and due south of Norway and is bordered by the German state (and . Territorial waters - The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982. States can conduct activities in the Area so long as they are for peaceful purposes, such as transit, marine science, and undersea exploration. These movements can lead to disputes over borders, and in some cases, to military conflict or other forms of violence. Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention states that a state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: a) a permanent population; b) a defined territory; c) a government; and d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.Article 11 of the Montevideo Convention further provides that states are not to recognize territorial acquisitions that have been obtained by force. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Geography of Denmark. However, there are ongoing controversies around the world over the definition of those features and the zones they should produce. The Heartland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century. Unlike other zones whose existence derived from earlier international law, the EEZ was a creation of the LOSC. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends no more than 200 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline and is adjacent to the 12 nautical mile territorial sea of the U.S., including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nauticalmile_knot.html. This hasn't stopped conflict from occurring, however, as most recently exemplified by the land and water claims in the South China Sea by China, Vietnam, and other nations. AP Human Geography Workshop Devolutionary Forces Scott Dobler, WKU Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 12th Edition ISBN: 978--07-802146-6 Chapter 12: The Political Ordering of Space Chapter LayoutConcepts and Key Terms Introduction: Political Geography GeoPolitics National Political System . Atolls are small, U-shaped islands or reefs which are made from coral. Source: Transport Geography The international law of the sea dictates how countries are allowed to use the oceans and which pieces belong to them. Most islands in Pacific or Caribbean. All right, let's take a moment or two to review what we've learned. Where are most colonies located today, who owns the largest in population, and who historically controlled the most? High Seas is anywhere past the EEZ. Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. Spykman argued that the rimland, which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. Mackinder argued that the dominant power in the heartland would be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia). Define territorial sea. Post the Definition of territorial sea to Facebook, Share the Definition of territorial sea on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. It contains a vast array of natural resources, such as seafood, critical minerals, medicines, and areas of significant ecological and conservation value. According to the theory, the rimland is the pivot point of world politics because it is the hub of international trade and communication, and it is where the major sea routes converge. An "exclusive economic zone," or "EEZ" is an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation's territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. | 12 Navigable waters at the boundary of a state or nation that are held to be within the jurisdiction of that nation or state, especially those ocean. Up until the mid-20th century, the basis for international laws of the sea was a book called The Freedom of the Seas, written by Dutch philosopher and juror Hugo Grotius. A boundary is a line or border that marks the limits or edges of an area or entity. Examples include the U.S. annexation of Texas in 1845, and Germanys annexation of Austria in 1938. All rights reserved. Report an Error, Site Index Boundaries serve a variety of purposes, including defining and separating different areas or entities, establishing ownership or jurisdiction, and regulating the movement or behavior of people or other entities. There is an incentive for States to obtain island status for their deep ocean features. Study free AP Human Geography flashcards about PHHS - APHUG Unit 4 created by pdeanna to improve your grades. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an international agreement that describes how sea-going vessels should interact with each other and with marine resources in regional waters and the high seas. Start studying Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide. This zone extends beyond and adjacent to the seaward boundary of the 12-nautical-mile (14-mile) territorial sea of the United States. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. territorial sea synonyms, territorial sea pronunciation, territorial sea translation, English dictionary definition of territorial sea. What is the EEZ? Hugo Grotius wrote the doctrine because of an issue between the English, who claimed that Dutch ships were trespassing in English waters and took all the Dutch goods. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Supranationalism, Devolution & Democratization | Concepts, Forces, & Examples. Although condemned by the UN Charter, annexation by force, or conquest, may be recognized by other states over time. Mackinder argued that the heartland, which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources.

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