In April 2002, John Paul II, despite being frail from Parkinson's disease, summoned all the American cardinals to the Vatican to discuss possible solutions to the issue of sexual abuse in the American Church. On 20 November 2001, from a laptop in the Vatican, John Paul II sent his first e-mail apologising for the Catholic sex abuse cases, the church-backed "Stolen Generations" of Aboriginal children in Australia, and to China for the behaviour of Catholic missionaries in colonial times.[280]. [116], He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in Creole to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. The two men held many similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from nations affected by Communism and both serving as heads of major religious bodies. Struck with two bullets, The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of work that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favour of this theory." He was later canonised as Pope Saint John Paul II. [109][255][260] He said: "Could I forget that the event in St. Peter's Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at Ftima, Portugal? The location of the shooting, marked by a stone tablet, in St. Peter's Square On 13 May 1981, in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City, Pope John Paul II was shot and wounded by Mehmet Ali Aca while he was entering the square. The Pope was struck twice and suffered severe blood loss. This is the only way to dissipate the threats of ethnocentrism that are hovering over Africa these days and that have so brutally touched Rwanda and Burundi. [162], Visiting Europe, Salvadoran Archbishop scar Romero unsuccessfully advocated for the Vatican to condemn the right-wing military regime of El Salvador, for violations of human rights during the Salvadoran Civil War and the support of death squads. The Rite of Visitation took place from 4 April 2005 to 7 April 2005 at St. Peter's Basilica. [117] In 2000, he was the first modern pope to visit Egypt,[118] where he met with the Coptic pope, Pope ShenoudaIII[118] and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. [256][263] This theory was supported by the 2006 Mitrokhin Commission, set up by Silvio Berlusconi and headed by Forza Italia senator Paolo Guzzanti, which alleged that Communist Bulgarian security departments were utilised to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered, and concluded that Soviet military intelligence (Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije), not the KGB, were responsible. He declared the publication to be "a sure norm for teaching the faith a sure and authentic reference text for teaching Catholic doctrine and particularly for preparing local catechisms". It has been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank provided money for Solidarity in Poland. Kindle Edition. [147] John Paul II's other attempts to reduce the sentence of death-row inmates were unsuccessful. EIN 27-4581132 "[235] In another statement issued by the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, Director Dr Colin Rubenstein said, "The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual leadership in the cause of freedom and humanity. [341], On 29 April 2011, John PaulII's coffin was disinterred from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica ahead of his beatification, as tens of thousands of people arrived in Rome for one of the biggest events since his funeral. [70] The Angelicum preserves the original copy of Wojtya's typewritten thesis. Lech Wasa, the founder of Solidarity and the first post-Communist President of Poland, credited John PaulII with giving Poles the courage to demand change. [259] One of the few people allowed in to see him at the Gemelli Clinic was one of his closest friends philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, who arrived on Saturday 16 May and kept him company while he recovered from emergency surgery. He said that he was disappointed by the Church of England's decision to ordain women and saw it as a step away from unity between the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church. Our Lady of Sorrows, pray for us! At secondary school there were fewer. John Paul II asked the Guatemalan president, Alfonso Portillo, for a moratorium on executions. COMMENTARY: Forty years ago, Soviet communists tried to turn out the lights. [278][326][332] In February 2007, second class relics of John Paul IIpieces of white papal cassocks he used to wearwere freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause, a typical pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death. [62] He did everything he could to ensure that Berger leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States. [338][339] The second vote and the second signed decree certifying the authenticity of the first miracle, the curing of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. As to the latter, the communists had tried to kill the Pope. His books include A Pope and a President, The Divine Plan and The Politically Incorrect Guide to Communism, The Devil and Karl Marx: Communism's Long March of Death, Deception, and Infiltration. As someone observed at the time, the Pope wished to save the life of the one who wanted to strip it from him. [38][47] In February 1940, he met Jan Tyranowski who introduced him to the Carmelite spirituality and the "Living Rosary" youth groups. Had the Pope chosen to turn his soft power into the hard variety, the regime might have been drowned in blood. "[168], In 1995, the Mafia bombed two historical churches in Rome. A few moments later, the deafening sound of a gunshot was heard, and then another. [120][121][229] In part of his address he said: "I assure the Jewish people the Catholic Church is deeply saddened by the hatred, acts of persecution and displays of anti-Semitism directed against the Jews by Christians at any time and in any place." [215] On his arrival, the Patriarch and the President of Romania, Emil Constantinescu, greeted the pope. 2" (Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books, 2007); pg. was then entrusted by the People of God into the hands of the Blessed Virgin Mary. For other uses, see, Bishops consecrated by Pope John Paul II as principal consecrator, Painting of Saint John Paul II painted by Zbigniew Kotyo, 2012, Participation in Vatican II and subsequent events, Role as spiritual inspiration and catalyst, Communist attempt to compromise John Paul II, Relations with other Christian denominations. "[196], John Paul II spoke in French and occasionally in Creole, and in the homily outlined the basic human rights that most Haitians lacked: "the opportunity to eat enough, to be cared for when ill, to find housing, to study, to overcome illiteracy, to find worthwhile and properly paid work; all that provides a truly human life for men and women, for young and old." The Dutch journalist Ekke Overbeek[pl] released a book on John Paul II with similar claims the following week. John Paul I had been warned about Baggio and removed him from the congregation shortly after assuming the role of pope, Murr says, and Baggio was the last [301], John Paul's successor, Benedict XVI, has not used the term directly in public speeches, but has made oblique references to "the great Pope John PaulII" in his first address from the loggia of St. Peter's Basilica, at the 20th World Youth Day in Germany 2005 when he said in Polish: "As the great Pope John PaulII would say: Keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people";[309] and in May 2006 during a visit to Poland where he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor". It is this religious sentiment that animates you and one can say that animates all of your compatriots. [215] The Patriarch stated, "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity. John Paul II was widely criticised for a variety of his views. [417], Some Catholic theologians disagreed with the call for the beatification of John PaulII. [217][218] In Athens, the pope met with Archbishop Christodoulos, the head of the Church of Greece. The 60-year-old pontiff, who had been hit in the abdomen, left hand and right arm, was rushed to Rome's Gemelli hospital where he underwent emegency surgery. Some remembered that on that very day, 13 May some 64 years earlier, Our Lady had appeared to the shepherd children of Fatima. He maintained the church's previous positions on such matters as abortion, artificial contraception, the ordination of women, and a celibate clergy, and although he supported the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, he was seen as generally conservative in their interpretation. He asked them to "diligently investigate accusations". [394], The World Day of Prayer for Peace,[395] with a meeting in Assisi, Italy, in 1986, in which the pope prayed only with the Christians,[396] was criticised for giving the impression that syncretism and indifferentism were openly embraced by the Papal Magisterium. Witness to Hope; The Biography of Pope John Paul II, by George Weigel. [387], In 1984 John PaulII appointed Joaqun Navarro-Valls, a member of Opus Dei, as Director of the Vatican Press Office. [149], John Paul II pushed for a reference to Europe's Christian cultural roots in the draft of the European Constitution. [184] It is the codification of the common portions of the canon law for the 23 of the 24 sui iuris churches in the Catholic Church that are the Eastern Catholic Churches. [124], "The pope won that struggle by transcending politics. The unleashing of hatred brought about by that criminal act was strong, even apocalyptic in some respects. John PaulII said that the sacking of Constantinople was a source of "profound regret" for Catholics. John Paul II survived on May 13, 1981, to join with other forces to help take down an evil empire. I appreciate their concern about maintaining the cultural and religious identity of our nation. [68] Wojtya and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et spes. Subscriber Service CenterAlready a subscriber? [177], A 1997 study determined that of all the pope's public statements, only 3% addressed the issue of sexual morality.[178]. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 95. Wojtya and another seminarian volunteered for the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement from the toilets. Couldnt it have been trying to tell us that the paths of history, of human existence, are not necessarily fixed in advance? (This was likewise the interpretation of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger in his theological commentary on the Third Secret upon its announcement in May 2000.) WebOn 13 May 1981, in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City, Pope John Paul II was shot and wounded by Mehmet Ali Aca while he was entering the square. Among those cardinals who rallied behind Wojtya were supporters of Giuseppe Siri, Stefan Wyszyski, most of the American cardinals (led by John Krol), and other moderate cardinals. Prayer became the spontaneous response of millions of people as soon as they learned that the Pope was struggling between life and death. Only because there was a Polish pope. [258] Surgeons performed a colostomy, temporarily rerouting the upper part of the large intestine to let the damaged lower part heal. Moreira Neves, Lucas Cardinal. The Turks would wait quite a while. Under John Paul II, the two most important constitutions of the contemporary Catholic Church were drafted and put in force: the Code of Canon Law which, among many other innovations, begun the effort to curb sexual abuse in the Catholic Church, and the Catechism of the Catholic Church, among its features, explaining and clarifying the Church's position on homosexuality. Otto von Habsburg (the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary), a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Germany, snatched Paisley's banner, tore it up, and along with other MEPs helped eject him from the chamber. "[146], During that visit, John Paul II convinced the then governor of Missouri, Mel Carnahan, to reduce the death sentence of convicted murderer Darrell J. Mease to life imprisonment without parole. John Paul II would later confide that it was precisely to the Blessed Mother's intervention that he attributed his survival. The encyclical, Ad caeli reginam, The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops. [24] He has been credited with fighting against dictatorships for democracy and with helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland and the rest of Europe. When he burst through the doors, Crucitti was mobbed by nurses who placed him in surgical gown and shoes. [80] In 1961, he coined "Thomistic Personalism" to describe Aquinas's philosophy. Father Jorge Mario Bergoglio, SJ, the future Pope Francis, was also praying during those hours. [95][87], During 19741975, Wojtya served Pope Paul VI as consultor to the Pontifical Council for the Laity, as recording secretary for the 1974 synod on evangelism and by participating extensively in the original drafting of the 1975 apostolic exhortation, Evangelii nuntiandi. [101] Cardinal Franz Knig, Archbishop of Vienna, suggested Wojtya as another compromise candidate to his fellow electors. [421] Pope John Paul II met with his would-be assassin, Turkish terrorist Mehmet Ali Agca, in Agcas prison cell in Rome. With respect to John Paul II, we have to understand certain attitudes because he came from a closed world, from behind the Iron Curtain, where communism was still in force. He began with an enormous advantage, and exploited it to the utmost: He headed the one institution that stood for the polar opposite of the Communist way of life that the Polish people hated. He, too, was shaken by what had happened. "[191], During his visit to Chile, John Paul II supported the Vicariate of Solidarity, the church-led pro-democracy, anti-Pinochet organisation. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen ElizabethII, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. On 15 January 1995 a suicide bomber was planning to dress as a priest and detonate a bomb when the pope passed in his motorcade on his way to the San Carlos Seminary in Makati. After receiving the award, John PaulII said, "May the desire for freedom, peace, a more humane world symbolised by this medal inspire men and women of goodwill in every time and place. He had always carried a rosary with him and it was in the photo that he embraced Mary after In his 2003 apostolic exhortation Ecclesia in Europa, John Paul II wrote that he "fully (respected) the secular nature of (European) institutions". "[236], In an interview with the Polish Press Agency, Michael Schudrich, chief rabbi of Poland, said that never in history did anyone do as much for Christian-Jewish dialogue as John Paul II, adding that many Jews had a greater respect for the late pope than for some rabbis. [38][67][68] Sapieha sent Wojtya to Rome's Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, to study under the French Dominican friar Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange beginning on 26 November 1946. SCRIPTURES & ART: Todays Gospel speaks of how the sheep should act, but its also an important lesson for shepherds, Be who God meant you to be, said St. Catherine, and you will set the world on fire., While the common priesthood of the faithful is exercised by the unfolding of baptismal grace a life of faith, hope, and charity, a life according to the Spirit the ministerial priesthood is at the service of the common priesthood. (Catechism 1547). [335][336][337] On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that John PaulII had lived a life of heroic virtue. [120][121] In September 2001, amid post-11 September concerns, he travelled to Kazakhstan, with an audience largely consisting of Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of 1,700years of Armenian Christianity. [402], John Paul II endorsed Cardinal Pio Laghi, who critics say supported the Dirty War in Argentina and was on friendly terms with the Argentine generals of the military dictatorship, playing regular tennis matches with the Navy's representative in the junta, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera. "[119] He also kissed the Qur'an while in Syria, an act that made him popular among Muslims but disturbed many Catholics. The picture is said to have been taken by one of his body guards. Some versions of this eRumor include a prayer and request to forward this to all your friends to encourage prayer in the world. On May 13, 1981, Pope John Paul II was shot as he arrived in St. Peters Square to speak to the people who had gathered there. Section D of Suba Bezpieczestwa (SB), the security service, had an action named "Triangolo" to carry out criminal operations against the Catholic Church; the operation encompassed all Polish hostile actions against the pope. [319][320][322][323] In an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Camillo Ruini, Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome, who was responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who died within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances", which suggested that the waiting period could be waived. [360], John Paul II was criticised by representatives of the victims of clergy sexual abuse for failing to respond quickly enough to the Catholic sex abuse crisis. Why in 1980 did they lead the way in Gdansk? [204][205], In 1984, the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration saw opened diplomatic relations with the Vatican for the first time since 1870. [283] International observers had suspected this for some time, but it was only publicly acknowledged by the Vatican in 2003. "[217] The two leaders then said the Lord's Prayer together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics. 123. "[137], A series of 129 lectures given by John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in Rome between September 1979 and November 1984 were later compiled and published as a single work titled Theology of the Body, an extended meditation on human sexuality. The Third Secret, revealed by Mary to the three children, had been sealed in the archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. [389], John Paul II was alleged to have links with Banco Ambrosiano, an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982. "[143] In September 1988, John Paul II made a pilgrimage to ten Southern African countries, including those bordering South Africa, while demonstratively avoiding South Africa. Sebastian. Of these the first in importance had to be with Lutheranism, given that the contention with Martin Luther and his followers was the most significant historical split in Western Christianity. [278][297][298][299] Between 250,000 and 300,000 watched the event from within the Vatican's walls. Berger's biological Jewish parents were killed in the Holocaust, and after the war Berger's new Christian parents asked Karol Wojtya to baptise the boy. In Stalinist-era Poland, it was not permitted for priests to travel with groups of students. Marys co-operation is totally unique . 15. John Paul II suggested that American bishops be more open and transparent in dealing with such scandals and emphasised the role of seminary training to prevent sexual deviance among future priests. In his At the beginning of the new millennium (Novo Millennio Ineunte), he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." [105][301][302][303] Cardinal Angelo Sodano specifically referred to John Paul as "the Great" in his published written homily for the pope's funeral Mass of Repose. [136] While he was visiting the United States in 1977, the year before becoming pope, Wojtya said: "All human life, from the moments of conception and through all subsequent stages, is sacred. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua and its Sandinista opposition. The Pope was unsecured, so his head banged against the doctors knee several times. [] It was only when the Boston scandal broke that the church began to look at the problem". I renew the appeal I made most recently at Christmas for a consensus to end the death penalty, which is both cruel and unnecessary. [285], On 31 March 2005, following a urinary tract infection,[286] he developed septic shock, a form of infection with a high fever and low blood pressure, but was not hospitalised. In a 2019 interview with Mexican television, Pope Francis defended John Paul II's legacy on protecting minors against clerical sexual abuse. He preached in Canterbury Cathedral and received Robert Runcie, the Archbishop of Canterbury. The pope's desire for a reference to Europe's Christian identity in the EU Constitution was supported by non-Catholic representatives of the Church of England and Eastern Orthodox Churches from Russia, Romania, and Greece. WebIn his encyclical letter, Haurietis Aquas, of 1948 the Pope accentuated a strong connection of consecration to the Heart of Jesus and that of Mary. "[208], "No one can prove conclusively that he was a primary cause of the end of communism. He permitted Archbishop Patrick Flores of San Antonio, Texas, to establish Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church, together as the inaugural parish for the use of this hybrid liturgy.[227]. Then the whole thing spread. [35] [36]. Cardinal Wojtya was elected pope on the third day of the second papal conclave of 1978, which was called after John Paul I, who had been elected in the first papal conclave of 1978 earlier in August to succeed Pope Paul VI, died after 33 days. Andy Warhols Religious Journey. He knew that such was how communists valued life. [416] Similar claims were also rebuked by the Vatican's Secretariate of State. Of course, the Ladys message at Fatima had included dire warnings about atheistic communism and Bolshevik Russia spreading its crimes and errors worldwide, including a Third Secret that the Polish Pope, up to that point, had not yet personally read, even three years into his papacy. ", Gayte, Marie (2011). Sign up for 6 Free IssuesTry us out with a free trial subscription. He made the visit public. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. On July 18, 1981, the then-prefect for the congregation, Cardinal Franjo eper, grabbed two envelopes a white one containing Sister Lcias original Portuguese text and an orange one with an Italian translation. Give a Gift SubscriptionBless friends, family or clergy with a gift of the Register. [344][345], In July 2012, a Colombian man, Marco Fidel Rojas, the former mayor of Huila, Colombia, testified that he was "miraculously cured" of Parkinson's disease after a trip to Rome where he met John Paul II and prayed with him. [180] Edward N. Peters has referred to the 1983 Code as the "Johanno-Pauline Code"[182] (Johannes Paulus is Latin for "John Paul"), paralleling the "Pio-Benedictine" 1917 code that it replaced. John Paul II proceeded to call for the need for religious tolerance, praised nature, and emphasised common elements between animism and Christianity, saying: "Nature, exuberant and splendid in this area of forests and lakes, impregnates spirits and hearts with its mystery and orients them spontaneously toward the mystery of He who is the author of life. The article by Cindy Wooden cited news reports from Italian news media agencies, and included remarks by the Pope's longtime aide. Although Stroessner tried to prevent him from doing so, John Paul II met opposition leaders in the one-party state. John Paul II presided over nine of them: Rome (1985 and 2000), Buenos Aires (1987), Santiago de Compostela (1989), Czstochowa (1991), Denver (1993), Manila (1995), Paris (1997), and Toronto (2002). In 2002, Archbishop Juliusz Paetz, the Catholic Archbishop of Pozna, was accused of molesting seminarians. The Pope was fading. Quietly groaning, his voice getting weaker, praying, Father Dziwisz could hear his fellow Pole saying, Jesus; Mother Mary.. The Church in Europe needs the Poles' testimony of faith. It was split between two strong candidates for the papacy: Cardinal Giuseppe Siri, the conservative Archbishop of Genoa, and the liberal Archbishop of Florence, Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, a close friend of John Paul I.[100]. His communist buddies were intending to murder him as soon as he got into the truck. He was in the Philippines and Marcos was out. [228] He became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the Great Synagogue of Rome on 13 April 1986. [286] Later that day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the Anointing of the Sick by his friend and secretary Stanisaw Dziwisz. Still, for three days after the May 13 shooting, he suffered terribly. "[120], In October 2003, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. Cardinal Roberto Tucci, the organiser of John Paul II's visits, revealed that Pinochet tricked the pontiff by telling him he would take him to his living room, while in reality he took him to his balcony. Something told him that now was the time. When Crucitti got inside the hospital, he was pleasantly surprised to find that some unknown genius (as he put it) had opened the doors of every elevator in the frenetic hospital, awaiting his choice for a fast journey to the ninth floor. John Paul withdrew it, wagged his finger in Cardenal's face, and told him, "You must straighten out your position with the church. In 1994, John Paul II asserted the church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood, stating that without such authority ordination is not legitimately compatible with fidelity to Christ. 13 May 1981 assassination attempt on John Paull II. However, Maciel's trial began in 2004 during the pontificate of John Paul II, but the Pope died before it ended and the conclusions were known. How could they do it? he told a nurse before losing consciousness. Likewise bolting was Agca, who had previously written in his plan of escape: Wear a cross and wear tennis shoes. He would come disguised as a Christian and ready to run. [376], On 10 November 2020, the Vatican published a report which found that John Paul II learned of allegations of sexual impropriety against former cardinal Theodore McCarrick, who at the time was serving as Archbishop of Newark, through a 1999 letter from Cardinal John O'Connor warning him that appointing McCarrick to be Archbishop of Washington D.C., a position which had recently been opened, would be a mistake. And what struck me about some of them was their Polish patriotism. [350][351] The next stage was for Cardinals who compose the membership of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to give their opinion to Pope Francis to decide whether to sign and promulgate the decree and set a date for canonisation. [96] According to the BBC the library had initially kept the letters from public view, partly because of John Paul's path to sainthood, but a library official announced in February 2016 the letters would be made public. Wojtyla, Karol. In 1967, he was instrumental in formulating the encyclical Humanae vitae, which dealt with the same issues that forbid abortion and artificial birth control. Kindle Edition. But this Polish Pontiff, Public Enemy No. You are our dearly beloved brothers, and in a certain way, it could be said that you are our elder brothers. [73] Stickler added that Wojtya believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal.[74]. He took a room in a hotel near the Vatican and on May 13 walked into St. When a second Day of Prayer for Peace in the World was held in 2002,[397] it was condemned as confusing the laity and compromising to false religions. Tucci says that the pontiff was "furious".[195]. [53][55][56] More than eight thousand men and boys were taken that day, while Wojtya escaped to the Archbishop's residence,[53][54][55] where he remained until after the Germans had left. Wojtya responded to his friends, "Wujek will remain Wujek," and he continued to live a simple life, shunning the trappings that came with his position as bishop. "[105][126] On John Paul II's death, Gorbachev said: "Pope John Paul II's devotion to his followers is a remarkable example to all of us. What really happened between Pope John Paul II and his close friend, Anna-Teresa Tymienecka? The pope is hospitalized for 22 days. [107] At only 58 years of age, he was the youngest pope since Pope Pius IX in 1846, who was 54. Eleven dissident theologians, including Jesuit professor Jos Mara Castillo and Italian theologian Giovanni Franzoni, said that his stance against contraception and the ordination of women as well as the church scandals during his pontificate presented "facts which according to their consciences and convictions should be an obstacle to beatification". [256] The assassin used a Browning 9mm semi-automatic pistol,[257] shooting the pope in the abdomen and perforating his colon and small intestine multiple times.

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